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Computer science

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Message par rolande Lun 17 Déc - 14:18

everybody is silent here! okay!
this one is specially for eunice cause she asked it to me

good work darling! and so help us to understand that!

The term database originated within the computing discipline. Although its meaning has been broadened by popular use, even to include non-electronic databases, this article is about computer databases. The properties and design of database systems are included in the study of information science.

A computer database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system so that a computer program or person using a query language can consult it to answer queries[1]. The records retrieved in answer to queries are information that can be used to make decisions.

The term database refers to the collection of related records, and the software should be referred to as the database management system or DBMS. When the context is ambiguous, however, many database administrators and programmers use the term database to cover both meanings.

The central concept of a database is that of a collection of records, or pieces of information. Many professionals consider a collection of data to constitute a database only if it has certain properties: for example, if the data is managed to ensure its integrity and quality, if it allows shared access by a community of users, if it has a schema, or if it supports a query language. However, there is no definition of these properties that is universally agreed upon.

Typically, for a given database, there is a structural description of the type of facts held in that database: this description is known as a schema. The schema describes the objects that are represented in the database, and the relationships among them.

There are a number of different ways of organizing a schema, that is, of modeling the database structure: these are known as database models (or data models). The model in most common use today is the relational model, which in layman's terms represents all information in the form of multiple related tables each consisting of rows and columns (the formal definition uses mathematical terminology). This model represents relationships by the use of values common to more than one table. Other models such as the hierarchical model and the network model use a more explicit representation of relationships.

Database management systems are usually categorized according to the data model that they support: relational, object-relational, network, and so on. The data model will tend to determine the query languages that are available to access the database. A great deal of the internal engineering of a DBMS, however, is independent of the data model, and is concerned with managing factors such as performance, concurrency, integrity, and recovery from hardware failures. In these areas there are large differences between products.

A typical query could be a question such as, "How many hamburgers with two or more beef patties were sold in the month of March in New Jersey?". To answer such a question, the database would have to store information about hamburgers sold, including number of patties, sales date, and the region.


[edit] History
The earliest known use of the term data base was in November 1963, when the System Development Corporation sponsored a symposium under the title Development and Management of a Computer-centered Data Base[2]. Database as a single word became common in Europe in the early 1970s and by the end of the decade it was being used in major American newspapers.

The first database management systems were developed in the 1960s. A pioneer in the field was Charles Bachman. Bachman's early papers show that his aim was to make more effective use of the new direct access storage devices becoming available: until then, data processing had been based on punched cards and magnetic tape, so that serial processing was the dominant activity. Two key data models arose at this time: CODASYL developed the network model based on Bachman's ideas, and (apparently independently) the hierarchical model was used in a system developed by North American Rockwell, later adopted by IBM as the cornerstone of their IMS product. While IMS along with the CODASYL IDMS were the big, high visibility databases developed in the 1960s, several others were also born in that decade, some of which have a significant installed base today. Two worthy of mention are the PICK and MUMPS databases, with the former developed originally as an operating system with an embedded database and the latter as a programming language and database for the development of healthcare systems.

The relational model was proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970. He criticized existing models for confusing the abstract description of information structure with descriptions of physical access mechanisms. For a long while, however, the relational model remained of academic interest only. While CODASYL products (IDMS) and network model products (IMS) were conceived as practical engineering solutions taking account of the technology as it existed at the time, the relational model took a much more theoretical perspective, arguing (correctly) that hardware and software technology would catch up in time. Among the first implementations were Michael Stonebraker's Ingres at Berkeley, and the System R project at IBM. Both of these were research prototypes, announced during 1976. The first commercial products, Oracle and DB2, did not appear until around 1980. The first successful database product for microcomputers was dBASE for the CP/M and PC-DOS/MS-DOS operating systems.

During the 1980s, research activity focused on distributed database systems and database machines, but these developments had little effect on the market. Another important theoretical idea was the Functional Data Model, but apart from some specialized applications in genetics, molecular biology, and fraud investigation, the world took little notice.

In the 1990s, attention shifted to object-oriented databases. These had some success in fields where it was necessary to handle more complex data than relational systems could easily cope with, such as spatial databases, engineering data (including software engineering repositories), and multimedia data. Some of these ideas were adopted by the relational vendors, who integrated new features into their products as a result. The 1990s also saw the spread of Open Source databases, such as PostgreSQL and MySQL.

In the 2000s, the fashionable area for innovation is the XML database. As with object databases, this has spawned a new collection of start-up companies, but at the same time the key ideas are being integrated into the established relational products. XML databases aim to remove the traditional divide between documents and data, allowing all of an organization's information resources to be held in one place, whether they are highly structured or not.

to be continued.....
lol
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Message par pclover Lun 17 Déc - 16:44

Wow! It's going to be very hot!
Ok, I'll work on it, like a nice girl...
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Message par rolande Lun 17 Déc - 16:54

ahhh you have to!! anyway, you are on holidays so...
you don't need to finish it before send it ! you can begin!!
if you need a help, ask it! anyway i'll work on it too
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Message par mcland Lun 17 Déc - 19:35

oh my God!!! what s that? am i concerned????? i ask it because this is so hot....that i could not finish reading it.
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Message par rolande Lun 17 Déc - 20:05

u can do both at the same time : read and translate!!
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Message par pclover Mar 18 Déc - 9:51

The term database originated within the computing discipline. Although its meaning has been broadened by popular use, even to include non-electronic databases, this article is about computer databases. The properties and design of database systems are included in the study of information science.
Le terme base de données trouve son origine en Informatique. Malgré que sa signification se soit élargie par l’usage populaire, même jusqu’aux bases de données non-électroniques, cet article concerne les bases de données informatiques. Les propriétés et la conception des systèmes de base de données sont inclues dans l’étude des sciences de renseignement.

A computer database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system so that a computer program or person using a query language can consult it to answer queries[1]. The records retrieved in answer to queries are information that can be used to make decisions.
Une base de données informatique est une collection d’enregistrements ou de données structurée, qui sont stockés dans un système informatique de manière qu’un programme informatique ou une personne utilisant un langage d’interrogation puisse les consulter pour avoir des réponses à ses questions. Les enregistrements récupérés sous forme de réponses aux questions sont des informations qui peuvent être utilisées pour prendre des décisions.

The term database refers to the collection of related records, and the software should be referred to as the database management system or DBMS. When the context is ambiguous, however, many database administrators and programmers use the term database to cover both meanings.
Le terme base de données fait référence à la collection d’enregistrements liés entre eux, et le logiciel doit être référencé comme étant le système de gestion de base de données ou SGBD. Cependant, lorsque le contexte est ambigu, plusieurs administrateurs de base de données et plusieurs programmeurs utilisent le terme base de données pour les deux.

The central concept of a database is that of a collection of records, or pieces of information. Many professionals consider a collection of data to constitute a database only if it has certain properties: for example, if the data is managed to ensure its integrity and quality, if it allows shared access by a community of users, if it has a schema, or if it supports a query language. However, there is no definition of these properties that is universally agreed upon.
Le concept central d’une base de données est celle d’une collection d’enregistrements, ou de pièces d’information. Plusieurs professionnels considèrent qu’une collection de données peut constituer une base de données seulement si elle possède certaines propriétés : par exemple, si les données sont gérées de manière à assurer leur intégrité et leur qualité, si elle permet un accès partagé par une communauté d’utilisateurs, si est possède un schéma, ou si elle supporte un langage d’interrogation. Cependant, il n’existe pas de définition universellement agréée de ces propriétés.

I think that is sufficient for today. I have to sleep! Tomorrow will be an other day Smile
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Message par pclover Mar 18 Déc - 9:52

Euh... Donald, it's your turn. I'm waiting for your version...
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Message par rolande Mar 18 Déc - 12:31

nice girl!!! good work!!
however i think you should translate query by requête! right?
anyway it's great!!!
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Message par mcland Mar 18 Déc - 16:09

sorry i am too busy now
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Message par rolande Mar 18 Déc - 19:06

lazy boy!!
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Message par mcland Mar 18 Déc - 20:57

u do not understand what i am talking about....no time because i work hard here and u know that i am so lazy,don t u? rabbit rabbit rabbit
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Message par rolande Mer 19 Déc - 11:14

just a little help

Typically, for a given database, there is a structural description of the type of facts held in that database: this description is known as a schema. The schema describes the objects that are represented in the database, and the relationships among them.


En général, pour une base de données donnée, il existe une description structurale de la nature des faits tenue dans cette base de données: cette description est connue sous le nom de schéma. Le schéma décrit les objets qui sont représentés dans la base de données, et les relations entre elles.
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Message par adjassant Ven 21 Déc - 7:12

Hi !
I think I've been absent too much time ....
Are you just tryin to translate the text or it is going to be used for other purpose ?

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Message par rolande Ven 21 Déc - 10:19

just try to translate a text which is in relation with our field! not only songs!!lol
that's why!
so translate and it'll help us when we'll be in front of an english' "tutoriel"
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Message par mcland Ven 21 Déc - 12:00

There are a number of different ways of organizing a schema, that is, of modeling the database structure: these are known as database models (or data models). The model in most common use today is the relational model, which in layman's terms represents all information in the form of multiple related tables each consisting of rows and columns (the formal definition uses mathematical terminology). This model represents relationships by the use of values common to more than one table. Other models such as the hierarchical model and the network model use a more explicit representation of relationships.

Database management systems are usually categorized according to the data model that they support: relational, object-relational, network, and so on. The data model will tend to determine the query languages that are available to access the database. A great deal of the internal engineering of a DBMS, however, is independent of the data model, and is concerned with managing factors such as performance, concurrency, integrity, and recovery from hardware failures. In these areas there are large differences between products.

Il existe différentes manières d'organiser un schéma, qui sont, la modélisation de la structure de base de données: elles sont connues comme des modèles de base de données (ou des modèles de données). Le modèle le plus fréquemment utilisé aujourd'hui est le modèle relationnel, qui représente vulgairement toutes les informations sous la forme de plusieurs tables relatives chacune composée de lignes et colonnes (la définition formelle utilise la terminologie mathématique). Ce modèle représente par l'utilisation de valeurs communes les relations entre plus d'une table. D'autres modèles tels que le modèle hiérarchique et le modèle de réseau utilisent une représentation plus explicite des relations.


les systèmes de gestion de base de données sont généralement classés selon le modèle de données que ceux-ci supportent: relationnel, objet relationnel, réseau, et ainsi de suite. Le modèle de données tend à déterminer les langages de requêtes qui sont disponibles pour accéder à la base de données. Une grande partie de l'ingénierie interne d'un SGBD, toutefois, est indépendante du modèle de données et s'occupe de la gestion de facteurs tels que la performance, la concurrence, l'intégrité et la récupération suite aux défaillances matérielles. Dans ces cas, il existe de grandes différences entre les produits.
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